Monday, May 25, 2020

Who Invented Touch Screen Technology

According to PC Magazine, a touch screen is, a display screen that is sensitive to the touch of a finger or stylus. Widely used on ATM machines, retail point-of-sale terminals, car navigation systems, medical monitors and industrial control panels, the touch screen became wildly popular on handhelds after Apple introduced the iPhone in 2007. The touch screen is one of the easiest to use and most intuitive of all computer interfaces, a touch screen allows users to navigate a computer system by touching icons or links on the screen. How Touch Screen Technology Works There are three components used in touch screen technology: The touch sensor is a panel with a touch responsive surface. Systems are built based on different types of sensors: resistive (most common), surface acoustic wave, and capacitive (most smartphones). However, in general, sensors have an electrical current running through them and touching the screen causes a voltage change. The voltage change signals the location of the touching.The controller is the hardware that converts the voltage changes on the sensor into signals the computer or another device can receive.Software tells the computer, smartphone, game device, etc, whats happening on the sensor and the information coming from the controller. Whos touching what where; and allows the computer or smartphone to react accordingly. Of course, the technology works in combination with a computer, smartphone, or another type of device. Resistive and Capacitive Explained According to Malik Sharrieff, an eHow Contributor, the resistive system is comprised of five components, including the CRT (cathode ray tube) or screen base, the glass panel, the resistive coating, a separator dot, a conductive cover sheet and a durable top coating. When a finger or stylus presses down on the top surface, the two metallic layers become connected (they touch), the surface acts as a pair of voltage dividers with connected outputs. This causes a change in the electrical current. The pressure from your finger causes conductive and resistive layers of circuitry to touch each other, changing the circuits resistance, which registers as a touch screen event that is sent to the computer controller for processing. Capacitive touch screens use a layer of capacitive material to hold an electrical charge; touching the screen changes the amount of charge at a specific point of contact. History of Touch Screen Technology 1960s Historians consider the first touch screen to be a capacitive touch screen invented by E.A. Johnson at the Royal Radar Establishment, Malvern, UK, around 1965 - 1967. The inventor published a full description of touch screen technology for air traffic control in an article published in 1968. 1970s In 1971, a touch sensor was developed by Doctor Sam Hurst (founder of Elographics) while he was an instructor at the University of Kentucky. This sensor called the Elograph was patented by The University of Kentucky Research Foundation. The Elograph was not transparent like modern touch screens, however, it was a significant milestone in touch screen technology. The Elograph was selected by Industrial Research as one of the 100 Most Significant New Technical Products of the Year 1973. In 1974, the first true touch screen incorporating a transparent surface came on the scene developed by Sam Hurst and Elographics. In 1977, Elographics developed and patented a resistive touch screen technology, the most popular touch screen technology in use today. In 1977, Siemens Corporation financed an effort by Elographics to produce the first curved glass touch sensor interface, which became the first device to have the name touch screen attached to it. On February 24, 1994, the company officially changed its name from Elographics to Elo TouchSystems. Elographics Patents US3662105: Electrical Sensor Of Plane CoordinatesInventor(s)Hurst; George S., Lexington, KY - Parks; James E., Lexington, KYIssued/Filed Dates:May 9, 1972 / May 21, 1970US3798370: Electrographic Sensor For Determining Planar CoordinatesInventor(s)Hurst; George S., Oak Ridge, TNIssued/Filed Dates:March 19, 1974 / April 17, 1972 1980s In 1983, the computer manufacturing company, Hewlett-Packard introduced the HP-150, a home computer with touch screen technology. The HP-150 had a built-in a grid of infrared beams across the front of the monitor which detected finger movements. However, the infrared sensors would collect dust and require frequent cleanings. 1990s The nineties introduced smartphones and handhelds with touch screen technology. In 1993, Apple released the Newton PDA, equipped with handwriting recognition; and IBM released the first smartphone called Simon, which featured a calendar, notepad, and fax function, and a touch screen interface that allowed users to dial phone numbers. In 1996, Palm entered the PDA market and advanced touch screen technology with its Pilot series. 2000s In 2002, Microsoft introduced the Windows XP Tablet edition and started its entry into touch technology. However, you could say that the increase in the popularity of touch screen smart phones defined the 2000s. In 2007, Apple introduced the king of smartphones, the iPhone, with nothing but touch screen technology.

Thursday, May 14, 2020

The Relationship Between Music and Poetry Research Papers

Music and poetry have existed alongside each other for many years. The question of whether poetry is improved by music is an interesting one. People who do not enjoy traditional poetry often find that they have a passion for music with lyrics. Arguably, lyrics are a form of poetry and, through the medium of musical performance, people are able to understand the meaning of the words on a deeper level than if they were to simply read them on a page. Nevertheless, as there are many types of music there are also many types of poetry. Some poetry can be complemented and enhanced by music. Other types of poetry, however, are unlikely to work with music. Whether poetry is improved by music depends on the type of poetry. Program notes for Dubussy’s Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun said, The relationship of music to poetry (at least philosophically) was never closer than in France in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The great symbolist poet Stà ©phane Mallarmà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s attested poetic purpose was ‘to use words in such harmonious combinations as will suggest to the reader a mood or a condition which is not mentioned in the text, but is nevertheless paramount in the poet’s mind at the moment of composition.’ Mallarmà © sought to duplicate, through poetry, the effects of music, to do what music did better than any other art, express the inexpressible (Music). The concept explored here is that music can add diction and meaning to a poem that was originally on the page. It is commonly thought that music touches people on a different level to the written, or even the spoke, word. As Mallarmà © pointed out, at times the effect of a song is encompassed more within the unspoken suggestion rather than in the literal meaning of the words themselves (Music). Poetry is an often misunderstood art form, even today. Many people consider poetry to be inaccessible to all except to those who are poets or scholars of poetry. Such people claim that they don’t understand poetry. However, the vast majority of people claim to like at least one kind of lyrical music and, moreover, say that they understand the meanings within it. There are certain artists that can be accurately referred to as both poets and musicians. One example of such an artist is Bruce Springsteen. Springsteen has written many songs which have risen to considerable popularity. â€Å"You’re Missing† is just one of his songs. The lyrics contained within â€Å"You’re Missing† are poetic but are, nonetheless, plain. The opening stanza, or verse, reads: â€Å"Shirts in the closet, shoes in the hall / Mamas in the kitchen, baby and all / Everything is everything / Everything is everything / But youre missing† (Springsteen, lines 1-5). Simply seeing these lines on the page leaves the reader with a mild sense of what the words are about, but they do not rouse much emotion. However, when the reader then listens to the recording of Springsteen singing the words, along with musical accompaniment, the tone and the meaning are far clearer and poignant. The words undoubtedly have much more weight to them when heard in conjunction with the music. However, there are some poets whose work can only be read on the page. Such works could not successfully be read aloud, and certainly could not be put to music as Springsteen’s words are. E.E. Cummings is one such poet. Although Cummings wrote a great deal of traditional poetry, such as sonnets, he also did a significant amount of experimental works. A helpful example is Cummings’ â€Å"The Cubist Break-Up.† This work is separated into thirteen, relatively short, poems. Each of these poems is in a different layout on the page. Part 4, for example, reads: 1(a // 1e / af / fa // 11 // s) / one / 1 // iness† (Cummings, p. 39). Anyone would be forgiven for not understanding this poem of Cummings’. However, regardless of whether a reader does or does not comprehend the meaning of this poem, few would argue that it could or should be put to music. However, not all poets write in such an abstract way. Philip Larkin, for example, has written some poetry that is, arguably, accessible to anyone who is basically literate. â€Å"This Be The Verse,† for example, opens: â€Å"They fuck you up, your mum and dad. They may not mean to, but they do. They fill you with the faults they had And add some extra, just for you† (Larkin, lines 1-4). Unlike â€Å"The Cubist Break-Up,† this poem uses straightforward language in an easy to read format. It is conversational and has a very clear meaning behind it. Larkin continues in this style throughout the poem and right until the end, the final stanza reading: â€Å"Man hands on misery to man. It deepens like a coastal shelf Get out as early as you can, And dont have any kids yourself† (Larkin, lines 9-12). While Larkin’s â€Å"This Be The Verse† is a lyric poem, there are narrative poems which are equally simple to grasp and appreciate, even for individuals who do not study, or particularly enjoy, traditional poetry. Mark Ford’s â€Å"A Swimming-Pool Full of Peanuts† is a narrative poem from his book Landlocked (Ford, 1992). It consists of an anecdote, told from the perspective of a door-to-door salesman. The speaker tells the audience of the time he discovered a swimming pool full of peanuts in someone’s back garden. This work is an excellent example of how poetry need not be even partially abstract, nor use complicated language. It demonstrates how poetry can be in many different forms, and in very different styles and tones. Ford uses conversational language right from the start of his poem and continues with this style throughout. The following extract provides an example: â€Å"Well this is a hoax I can tell some monkey’s idea of a good joke for who’d fill up a fair sized swimming- pool with peanuts unless they’re painted in which case it’s a nice piece of work so I kneel down in my best suit on the edge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ford, 1992). The language is simple to read and to understand. This is probably the reason for why â€Å"A Swimming-Pool Full of Peanuts† is one of Ford’s most widely appreciated poems. It is accessible to many people, as even those who have little or no knowledge of poetry can read and understand it. Moreover, the poem contains unusual but lively humour, which tends to appeal to most. â€Å"A Swimming-Pool Full of Peanuts† is written in loose blank verse. Ford has used very little punctuation throughout the piece. This can also be attractive for people who do not read a great deal of poetry, as they have the freedom to read as they choose, with only line breaks giving them set, but easy, pauses. The poem reads like a stream of consciousness, and this adds to its conversational manner. It also has a good pace and plenty of musicality. It is exciting and moves forward quickly, which is likely to hold the attention of even the most reluctant reader. A Swimming-Pool Full of Peanuts, on first read, appears to be a solely humorous, light-hearted anecdote. However, when I read it more carefully I noticed all kinds of ways that Ford has used to give us an insight into the character of the narrator. An example is when the speaker talks of his concerns with what might be hidden underneath the peanuts: â€Å"†¦for no Reason I’m feeling all queasy this pool full of peanuts Is disturbing my eye won’t focus in case in an instant They turn into piranha fish and green mambas Or anything else that might be hiding down there† (Ford). The notion that there may be such things beneath the peanuts is, arguably, ridiculous, and this example of the speaker’s thoughts gives the reader an insight into the character of the narrator. This type of detail is important, especially for people who do not appreciate more abstract poetry with hidden meanings. Another element of the Ford’s writing that features superior characterization is where the speaker retrieves a golf club from his car and begins to hit the peanuts with it: â€Å"†¦ I go back to my car and open up the trunk I take out my golf-bag I select a nine-iron And without a thought for my own safety I head back To the pool and I swing away reckless in that peanut bunker I scatter peanuts like a madman all over around there They go flying like sand-flies in all directions like golf- Balls they arc away and shower down like buff-coloured hail And I thrash and flail like one possessed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ford). It is possible that the speaker is, as he suggests, a ‘madman’. Ford has used the show not tell technique regarding the character. This is effective and provides further appeal to those who disfavor traditional poetry. As there are different styles of music, there are also different styles of poetry. Some poetry can fit very well, and indeed be enhanced by the presence of musical accompaniment. The music of Bruce Springsteen is an excellent example of this. However, the work of other poets would be practically nonsensical if it was combined with music. Poetry can be simple to understand, with or without music alongside it. As only certain types of poetry are effective as song lyrics, whether or not poetry is more successful within music depends on the both the musical and poetical preference of the individual. Works Cited Ford, M â€Å"A Swimming Pool Full of Peanuts.† Landlocked. 1992. Print. Chatto and Windus: NY. Cummings, E.E. â€Å"The Cubest Break-Up.† Selected Poems. 2007. Print. Norton: USA. â€Å"Music, Poetry and Meaning.† Donskiff. 2004. Web. 23 April. 2011. http://donskiff.com/music_poetry_and_meaning.htm

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Common Criticisms in Psychology Paper - 1486 Words

Common Criticisms in Psychology Paper University of Phoenix August 9, 2009 Common Criticisms in Psychology Paper The artificiality of inventive conditions in experimental environments is a repeated concern. How real can laboratory-based research be? This paper will explain the criticism of artificiality in the discipline of psychology and apply this criticism to at least three sub disciplines within psychology. This paper will also compare and contrast the breakthrough model of scientific research and the principle of connectivity in explaining events and outcomes; finally ending with comparing and contrasting the concepts of the single cause explanation and the principle of multiple causation in explaining events and outcomes.†¦show more content†¦It makes no difference if the theory explains old facts differently from the earlier theory, just that they are explained. This necessity guarantees the accumulative development of science. Despite a new theory explaining new facts, if there is no explanation for the old ones then there are no considera tions of finalized advancement and no immediate replacement of them (Stanovich, 2007). What will occur will be both the old and new theory coexisting as probable ideas until a new theory abdicates them null and void? Leading us astray is the breakthrough model of scientific research by suggesting that new findings violate the principle of connectivity (Stanovich, 2007). This suggestion deems risky because by abandoning the connectivity principle, the primary beneficiaries are purveyors of counterfeit science and incredulous theories. Notorious are headlines that lead off with â€Å"New Breakthrough.† Theories such as these acquire most of their interest and publicity by claims that they are astoundingly new. The next deception is to cast out past information by asserting them impertinent. The reason being given, that such information does not yet exist due to the newness of the theory. This breeds an environment of pseudoscience. Better explained is by the evolutionary theory the ghost of creationism, with its connectivity display of such different areas of science as morphology,Show MoreRelatedIs Conceptual Critiques Relevant for Psychology?1472 Words   |  6 Pagesconsideration in their theoretical works as it prevents future criticisms. To conclude on the relevance of Conceptual Critiques in Psychology, lets consider one last but not least example on Jung’s Analytic theory. The goal of this theory was to achieve a meaningful life by focusing on personality development via a continuous cycle of self-awareness, transformation, and self-actualization (Maltby, Day, Macaskill, 2010). 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Tuesday, May 5, 2020

How has the recent arrival Essay Example For Students

How has the recent arrival Essay Language is a tool of communication and communication gives people an opportunity to understand each other. However, language constantly changes. At some moments it is difficult to understand someone who uses words, terms or phrases that you have never heard before. Especially difficult it becomes if that person comes from other from yours region or country and uses lexical units that are not common at your region. Changes of the language are rapid and dynamic. They occur constantly and in great numbers and variations. That is why dictionaries and language manuals need periodical updates. This is supposed to help in classifying and reflecting all the changes that have occurred in a certain period of time. Nowadays this necessity of updating is becoming even more significant. This happens because new technologies, concepts, ideas, and, consequently, new words and styles of communication shape themselves within the society and replace older ones. Sciences and industries develop new technologies and concepts daily. Hence, they need to be and are being reflected in our everyday language, accepted in our everyday life. Some words change their meaning, some get out of use, some get new meanings which are different from previous ones. Changes, such as the birth of new words, ideas and concepts, are not happening in some particular language, but in most of the worlds languages. That is why not only for linguists, but for all people it is important to know them, notice, consider, and get used to the changes. Especially sharp this problem stands before the people who work or have business abroad and need to take their experience beyond the usual surrounding. Not only an industry influences the language, but the language is influenced by it as well. In his work David Crystal explained this phenomenon as follows: This would form part of a much broader economic perspective, in which the traditional view, that the economy influences language, is supplemented by the notion that language exercises a strong influence on the economy. There are several domains in which languages play an important role, and thus contribute to their economic success (Crystal, 1995) This statement, in its turn, leads us to the need to study and analyze the problem. This can be done on the basis of the descriptive and prescriptive approaches to language which may help us to clarify the issue. In the given work these two approaches will be examined. Besides, we will analyze their strengths and weaknesses, and analyze them applying not only to some particular field, but in more general applications as well. 1. Understanding the Descriptive and Prescriptive Approaches It is well known that languages change constantly. New and alternative words appear to name new things and processes, new idiomatic expressions and spellings appear to express older ones which are gradually getting out of use. Sometimes these innovations stay unnoticed or not much attention is paid to them, they are just becoming parts of our everyday communication and are used as if there is nothing new in them. However, if the change is noticed, it may face two possible responses. The first one consists in commenting on them, trying to explain and classify, deciding whether to accept them or not, or simply accepting them without any doubts. This is what the descriptive approach consists in. This approach tends to exactly and clearly describe how certain features of the language features are used in communication. This leads to the understanding that all the lexical units have similar features and may be classified. .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 , .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .postImageUrl , .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 , .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593:hover , .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593:visited , .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593:active { border:0!important; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593:active , .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Weekend EssayModern linguists prefer applying to the descriptive approach to language because it does not require them to determine what the language should look like or prescribe what exact rules should be used. The descriptive approach requires them only to describe what language is, what new changes have appeared, what their main qualities are, and how they are used in communication. Instead of creating new rules this approach allows describing and bringing to general use those rules, which people have already invented and used to form words and sentences. Surely, there are some of the descriptive rules in English which are necessary to follow. For example, the subject precedes the verb, the object follows the verb, auxiliary verbs precede the subject in questions and the plural of a noun is formed by adding -s. But at the same time, analyzing our speech we can come to the conclusion that, for example, Present Perfect Continuous Tense is being more and more often replaced with Present Perfect and the descriptive approach accepts this change because it becomes accepted by people and is natural. The second possible reaction to the appearance of new words, phrases, and spellings is analyzing them and applying corresponding rules to their usage. This is the prescriptive approach. The main concern of this approach consists in identifying whether a phrase or sentence is grammatically correct. According to the prescriptive approach correct grammar is the most important quality of the language and should be imposed on the whole speech community (Liberman, 2005). Most of the rules which are adopted by the prescriptive approach originally come from Latin and Greek languages. As Latin and Greek are dead languages, they do not change and that is why they serve as models for grammar of English and some other languages (Ibid). Some of the prescriptive rules of English are: Dont split infinitives, dont use double negation, dont end a sentence with a preposition, dont use who in place of whom, say or write It is I instead of It is me. Though modern linguists prefer using the descriptive approach analyzing new tendencies in language, they need to apply to prescriptive approach too because it helps to understand the changes better and to find better tools to explain them. (Peters Pam, 2004) Surely, the linguists clearly understand that language changes and needs to change in order to reflect changes which take place within the society. That is why they use descriptive approach to give people an opportunity to choose appropriate words for particular contexts in order to understand each other better. The descriptive approach also acts as a more democratic way of thinking and meeting changes because common usage is really more powerful than abstract statements of what is correct or logical in a particular language. (Ibid) The descriptive approach does not require certain rules to be imposed on new words or phrases; it just gives advice and recommends certain rules to be applied to new words. It also points out cases in which variations are preferred and indicates the stylistic context in which these variations can be used. At the same time the prescriptive approach is more traditional and requires certain rules to be formulated for the usage of new words and phrases in order to avoid any confusion. As a result, this approach tends to achieve uniformity in language use, especially if it relates to grammar, spelling, and in some cases pronunciation.